Sound Changes
1) General core IE sound changes: *h₁e *h₂e *h₃e > ĕ ă ŏ; *eh₁ *eh₂ *eh₃ > ē ā ō; Szereményi's, Stang's, Osthoff's, Pinault's, etc. The usual, basically. Interconsonantal *H of any sort becomes *ă (no triple-reflex).
2) Lex Rix: #HC > HeC. Shared with Greek, Armenian and Phrygian. Laryngeals then drop.
3) Accented short *ó becomes lengthened ó:.
4) Satemization. *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ > intermediate affricates which we will represent as *ĉ *ĵ *ĵʰ because only Esperanto provides a decent diacritic for <j>. *kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ merge with their plain counterparts as /k g gʰ/, but only after *o(:) is raised to *u(:) after a labiovelar. (Both Armenian and Baltic have traces of roundedness in both the labiovelars and *o, so despite the fact that Cappadocian is satem I'm going to go for this being legal.) RUKI also applies: *s > š / {R u K i}_.
5) Winter's Law: before plain voiced stops vowels lengthen.
6) *o(:) merges to /a(:)/.
7) Cappadocian consonant shift (shared with Phrygian): *T *D *Dʰ > T T D.
8) *t (whether from *t or *d) becomes /s/ before /i(:) y/. *d (from *dʰ) becomes /z/. Original *s becomes /š/ in this position.
9) *ĉ *ĵ become /š ž/. At some point /ž/ then becomes /z/, merging with *z from assibilated *dʰ.
10) *l becomes /n/; *r becomes /š/ word-finally and /l/ otherwise. (cf. Massachusett)
11) *m becomes /n/ word-finally. Word-final *ns > s.
12) *NC > C; if C was voiceless it voices (except for *š).
13) Unaccented *ĕ > ĭ. *ăi *ĕi > e i; *āi > ai.
14) Word-final long vowels shorten.
probably a bunch of other stuff I didn't think about. *w *y should drop after consonants although this is likely to fuck up the verb system (how do you distinguish *bhéreti types from *gʷʰédʰyeti other than after coronals?)--maybe they should create geminates, which then go *VC₁C₁ > V:C₁, so that you get lengthened-grades. syllabic consonants go to /aR/
nouns are mostly boring so we're going to start with verbs (also fuck pronominals). paradigm dump
![Image](https://i.imgur.com/Zdio67y.png)
(edit: man it's 2018 and the board still can't do tables?)
as in Latin, the "preterite" is either the perfect or the aorist stem depending on verb. even if it's from the perfect stem, it gets the augment. probably there should be subjunctive or optative formations coming off the preterite stem to make aspectual distinctions; as in Greek these would just go bibāla bibālēs bibāle bibālāmas bibālēti bibālāzi. note the unusually archaic optative and the 2sg and 3sg endings shared with Greek and Armenian.
there are also mi-verbs in the present system. these are fairly normal except that they go -mi -ši -si -mas -ti -zi. not sure how to do their subjunctive or optative. probably get a root extension out of nowhere--maybe y or w? e.g. sītāmi 'I give' > sītāwa 'that I give'. this could be by analogy from roots ending in *w, particularly būmi
real passives are formed peraphrastically, by using the middle participle along with the auxiliary verb būmi, which has no other function. this goes būmi būši būsi būmas būti būzi. as noted, there is a subj. būwa būwis etc. the perfect stem on that should probably be an aorist ibūša.